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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Constitutional process in Turkey ： ウィキペディア英語版 Constitutional process in Turkey The constitutional process in Turkey begins with Sened-i İttifak in 1808 and continues today. Sened-i İttifak prepared by Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, in period of Mahmut II was signed on September 29, 1808 among Rumelian and Anatolian chief men and the Ottoman State in order to make the central authority dominant at the provinces. This document is agreed to the first "constitutional document" in the Turkish history, because for the first time in Turkish history with Sened-i İttifak in Ottoman the state power is gotten limited. Imperial Edict of Reorganization prepared by Mustafa Reshid Pasha on November 3, 1839 in period of Abdülmecit was declared. The sovereign with this imperial edict swore he was going to adapt to policies declared on imperial edict and laws to be put. Hatt-ı Hümayun that was complementary and reinforcing of this imperial edict was declared as "edict" in 1856 by Abdülmecit. Eggheads and writers growing up in the period of Tanzimat and known as The Young Ottomans began to defend constitutionalism government by being affected from Europe and they brought Abdülhamit II instead of him, by taking down Abdülaziz from throne in order to get constitutionalism declared. On December 23, 1876 it was passed to constitutionalism by being declared Kanun-i Esasî Mithat Pasha prepares. Kanun-i Esasî is amditted as a constitution according to criteria. In accordance with 113th article of Kanun-i Esasî that was the first constitution of Turkish history and consisting of 12 sections and 119 articles, the sovereign could suspend constitution on extraordinaries conditions. Abdülhamit II suspended constitution by showing why Russian wars in 1877. A result of the military insurrection in 1908, Abdülhamit II constituted the Constitution of 1876 again and so the period of Constitutionalism II began. it was made important changes on constitution in 1909 after Abdülhamit II taken down from throne after in 1909 31 March Incident happened. By these changes, Constitution of 1876 became a constitution of limited parliamentarian monarchy. With İstanbul is occupied on March 16, 1920 after Ottoman State is beat in World War I, Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire gathered for last time on March 18, 1920 and took a break from its workings. After Damad Ferid Pasha got Meclis-i Mebusan abrogated on April 11, 1920, on April 23, 1920 the first Grand National Assembly gathered in Ankara. The Assembly admitted Turkish Constitution of 1921. With changes made on law of Teşkilât-ı Esasîye that was only tender constitution of The Republic of Turkey elements such as regime, the religion, the language, the capital, president of the state were designated. because of officially not being repealed Kanun-i Esasi of 1876, Law of Teşkilât-ı Esasîye not detailed at degree to pay needs of a new state, new period Grand National Assembly of Turkey remained face to face with question to do a new constitution. New Law of Teşkilât-ı Esasîye ( Constitution of 1924) was admitted on day April 20, 1924. Constitution of 1924 is more pliant to Constitution of 1921 in the unity powers and a taken important step aimed at parliamentarin regime. Constitution of 1924 remained in effect until 1961. On May 27, 1960, a group of officers named National Union Committee confiscated management. By being founded Founder Assembly for being done a new constitution, new constitution was allowed to prepare this assembly. On July 9, 1961 referendum was performed and Constitution of 1961 by 61.5% in result of the vote was admitted. To ends of 1960s in Turkey result of political intensity events increase and these can not be obstructed Chief of Staff President and Force Commanders on 12 March 1971 forced Demirel prime minister of the period resignation. With Demiral resigns a "non-partisan" government in army support was founded and change on constitution was made. Army on 12 September 1980 because of 12 March Diplomatic Note does not give conclusions expected consfiscated management. "Founder Assembly" in order to make a constitution with law enacted on 29 June 1981 was created. This assembly that consisted of The Turkish National Security Council Consultation Assembly presented to public opinion on 7 November 1982 constitution it prepares. Constitution by 91.37% has been admitted and it has been published. == Constitutional developments in the Ottoman State == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Constitutional process in Turkey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.